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The Core Principles of Stoicism

Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded in Athens in the early 3rd century B.C. It became particularly influential in the Roman Empire, attracting followers from all walks of life, from the slave Epictetus to the emperor Marcus Aurelius. The core of Stoic philosophy is the belief that virtue is the only true good and that living in accordance with reason and nature is the path to a happy and tranquil life. Stoics teach that by focusing on what is within our control, we can achieve a state of inner peace, or "apatheia."

A central doctrine of Stoicism is the distinction between what we can control and what we cannot. According to the Stoics, we have control over our own thoughts, judgments, and actions. However, external events—such as our health, wealth, and reputation—are ultimately beyond our control. The wise person, or Stoic sage, understands this distinction and does not become emotionally disturbed by misfortune. Instead, they accept what happens with a calm and rational detachment, focusing their energy on responding virtuously.

The practical application of Stoicism involves several key exercises. One is the practice of negative visualization, which involves imagining the loss of things we value to better appreciate them and prepare for their potential absence. Another is the practice of self-denial, such as periodically enduring cold or hunger, to build resilience and reduce dependence on external comforts. These ethical and psychological tenets were not meant for abstract contemplation but as a practical guide to living a good and meaningful life, regardless of one's external circumstances.