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Volcanoes are geological formations where molten rock, known as magma, rises to the Earth's surface. magma erupts, it is lava and can create new landforms mountains and islands. eruptions be or , depending the 's composition and gas . While often seen as destructive forces, volcanic soil is incredibly fertile and rich in nutrients, benefiting agriculture in surrounding areas. Scientists study volcanoes closely to understand the planet's internal processes and to forecast potential eruptions to protect nearby communities.