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A volcano is an opening in the Earth's crust through which molten rock, hot gases, and ash can escape. geological are created magma within the Earth's upper mantle rises to surface. can be and , releasing vast clouds ash and of lava. There are several types of volcanoes, such as shield volcanoes and composite volcanoes, each with distinct shapes and eruption styles. While potentially destructive, volcanic activity also creates very fertile soil, which is beneficial for agriculture.