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A volcano is an opening in the Earth's surface through which molten rock, hot gases, and ash can escape. material, known as magma it is the surface, as lava when reaches the top. Most volcanoes found tectonic are diverging or . While eruptions can be incredibly destructive, they also play a creative role in shaping the planet. Over time, the cooled lava and ash break down to form some of the most fertile soils on Earth.